四、法定管辖（statutory jurisdiction）和协议管辖（jurisdiction by agreement） 根据管辖权产生的根据不同，管辖权可分为法定管辖和协议管辖。
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The parties hereto can make jurisdiction by agreement in the foreign-related civil-commercial business disputes, exclusive jurisdiction not included.
当事人可以对除专属管辖以外的涉外民商事纠纷进行协议管辖。
Therefore, court will usually face many practical problems such as the cognizance of the validity of jurisdiction by agreement in the increasing Numbers of such cases.
因而，法院面对日益增多的协议管辖案件，必然会遇到包含对协议管辖效力需要认定在内的诸多实务操作问题。
In the chapter of maritime action jurisdiction by agreement, the author analyzes the parties, effect and tactics of settling distress of the jurisdiction clause of bill of lading emphatically.
在海事诉讼协议管辖一章中，笔者着重分析了提单管辖权条款的主体、效力和解困对策。
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